Another crucial property of TiO2 is that it can show photocatalytic activity under UV light. This makes it effective for environmental purification, for different kinds of protective coatings, sterilisation and anti-fogging surfaces, and even in cancer therapy.
Lithopone
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has concluded that titanium oxide should not be considered safe as a food additive, due to uncertainties about possible inflammation and neurotoxicity (9Trusted Source).
Porcelain White, 32 per cent sulphide, 68 per cent barium sulphate.
Relative Density Among commonly used white pigments, lithopone has the smallest relative density. Among white pigments of the same mass, titanium dioxide has the largest surface area and the highest pigment volume.
Food additive nanoparticles could negatively affect your gut health, by Jillian McCarthy, Binghamton University, May 4, 2023
What does this court ruling mean for regulation?
≤14

Jinan Yuxing Rutile Titanium Dioxide R-818 is a rutile titanium dioxide pigment coated with inorganic silicon aluminum and organic surface treatment. It has good gloss and hiding power, high weather resistance and good dispersibility.
Scope of application: plastic steel profiles, coil paint, powder coatings, rubber, masterbatch, etc.
Europe
But that depends on how titanium dioxide is being used and how you might come into contact with it. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified titanium dioxide as possibly carcinogenic to humans based on studies that showed more lung tumors in rats associated with breathing in titanium dioxide.


The price of Titanium Dioxide in Taiwan rose considerably throughout December 2018, reaching 3,750 USD per metric ton. The price in Taiwan is 10% higher than the average price in the previous month and 1% higher than the average price one year before. In contrast, Titanium Dioxide prices in India were flat during December 2018, and were decline when compared to the average price in the preceding yeara decline of 3% from the previous year’s price.
Le Lithopone Alcalin est un pigment blanc formé par le mélange intime en précipitation simultanée de sulfure de zinc et de Sulfate de Baryum. Le lithopone dit normal renferme 29.5% de ZnS et 70.5% de BasSO4 et renferme un peu d'Oxyde de Zinc.
Nanotoxicology “focuses on determining the adverse effects of nanomaterials on human health and the environment.”
The most significant uncertainty identified by the EU experts was the concern that TiO2 particles may have genotoxic effects. Genotoxicity refers to the ability of a chemical to directly damage genetic material within a cell (DNA), which may lead to cancer in certain situations. Although the experts did not conclude that TiO2 particles in E171 are genotoxic, they could not rule out the concern that they might be.

Lithopone: an alternative to titanium dioxide
In order to evaluate the penetration of the nanoparticles, eight adult male Wistar rats (3 months old) were used for the in vivo experiments. The protocol was approved by the local University Committee for animal testing and is in accordance with the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CICUAL-RD-2021–892-E-UNC-DEC#FCQ).
Australian researchers examined how titanium dioxide as a food additive affected gut microbiota in mice by orally administering it in drinking water. The study, published in the journal Frontiers in Nutrition in 2019, found the treatment could “alter the release of bacterial metabolites in vivo and affect the spatial distribution of commensal bacteria in vitro by promoting biofilm formation. We also found reduced expression of the colonic mucin 2 gene, a key component of the intestinal mucus layer, and increased expression of the beta defensin gene, indicating that titanium dioxide significantly impacts gut homeostasis.” The changes were then linked to colonic inflammation, along with a higher expression of inflammatory cytokines, which are signal proteins that help with regulation. The researchers concluded that titanium dioxide “impairs gut homeostasis which may in turn prime the host for disease development.”


Mexican researchers sought to evaluate the effects of E171 across a span of conditions in mice, including its influence on behavior, along with the effects on the colon and liver. The research, published in 2020 in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology, showed that E171 promoted anxiety and induced adenomas, or noncancerous tumors, in the colon. They also found that E171 heightened goblet cells hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which is typically seen in asthma patients and triggered by smoking or external pollutants and toxins. They also noted mucins overexpression in the mice, which can be linked to cancer cell formation.
Although cosmetics are not meant for consumption, there are concerns that titanium dioxide in lipstick and toothpaste may be swallowed or absorbed through the skin.